Climate Model Foundations
24
Major GCMs (2025)
±4 W/m²
Cloud Feedback Uncertainty
55%
Risk Assessments Using RCP8.5
0.3%
Papers Explicitly Attributing Warming to CO₂ (Cook et al.)
Early GCMs (1970s)
1000 km grid
CMIP3 (2000s)
300 km grid
CMIP6 (2020s)
100 km grid
NeuralGCM (2024)
80 km grid
55%
RCP8.5/SSP5-8.5
30%
RCP4.5/SSP2-4.5
10%
SSP1-1.9
5%
Other
Global Temp Δ 2100 (°C, CMIP6)
2.2-5.7
Tropical Precip RMSE (mm/day)
0.8–2.5
Sea Level Δ 2100 (m)
0.3-1.1
Cloud Feedback Uncertainty (W/m²)
±4
Explicit CO₂ Attribution (Cook et al.)
0.3%
Strong Model Trust (Bray & von Storch)
<50%
Human Contribution Agreement (AR6 2024)
~65%
High Model Confidence (AR6 2024)
~45%
0 5 10 15 20+ 1980 CMIP3 CMIP5 CMIP6 NeuralGCM 2025 2 7 13 20 22 24

Foundations of Climate Modeling