Tin is a vital enabler of modern electronics and renewable energy systems. Its low melting point, high conductivity, and strong bonding properties make it indispensable for soldering components in circuit boards, solar panels, and electric vehicles. The International Energy Agency (IEA) identifies tin as the top mineral most impacted by the energy transition. However, much of global tin production is artisanal and environmentally destructive.
- Key uses: Electronics solder (circuit boards, solar panels, EVs), batteries, chemicals
- Physical properties: Low melting point, malleable, corrosion-resistant, good conductivity
- Projected demand: Demand expected to rise over 50% by 2040 due to energy transition technologies
- Supply concentration:
- Indonesia, China, and the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) dominate tin production.
- Artisanal mining accounts for up to 40% of supply.
Environmental and Social Criticisms:
- Artisanal mining abuses: Informal mining in Indonesia and Africa often involves child labor, unsafe working conditions, and widespread deforestation.
- Marine ecosystem damage: Offshore tin mining near Indonesia has devastated coral reefs and fisheries.
- Waste and contamination: Tin mining generates tailings that can leach toxic substances into water systems.
Geopolitical and Market Risks:
- Supply instability: Heavy reliance on artisanal supply chains creates constant production and pricing volatility.
- Regulatory tightening: Efforts to formalize artisanal mining may constrain future tin supplies.
- Technology substitution risks: Research into lead-free and alternative solders could impact future tin demand, though no clear substitutes exist at scale.