The Energy Reality
- BloombergNEF. (2024). New Energy Outlook 2024: Levelized cost of electricity data tables. https://about.bnef.com/new-energy-outlook/
- International Air Transport Association. (2024). World air transport statistics 2024. https://www.iata.org/en/publications/store/world-air-transport-statistics/
- International Energy Agency. (2024). Global Energy Review 2024: The latest trends in energy and emissions. https://www.iea.org/reports/global-energy-review-2024
- International Energy Agency. (2024). World Energy Outlook 2024. https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-outlook-2024
- International Monetary Fund. (2024). World Economic Outlook: Subsidies and policy support in the energy transition. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO
- MIT Energy Initiative. (2024). The cost of deep decarbonization: Storage, grid upgrades, and system reliability. https://energy.mit.edu/research/energy-systems/
- Organisation Internationale des Constructeurs d'Automobiles. (2024). 2024 world motor vehicle production. https://www.oica.net/category/production-statistics/
- World Bank. (2024). Global fossil fuel infrastructure: Asset values and transition risks. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/
- World Bank. (2024). Commodity Markets Outlook: Fossil fuel trends and infrastructure. https://www.worldbank.org/en/research/commodity-markets
- World Nuclear Association. (2024). World Nuclear Performance Report 2024. https://world-nuclear.org/nuclear-performance-2024
The Myth of a Rapid “Green” Transition
- BloombergNEF. (2024). Clean energy investment trends 2024. https://about.bnef.com/blog/clean-energy-investment-trends-2024/
- California Independent System Operator. (2024). 2024 Annual report on market issues & performance. https://www.caiso.com/
- Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Action (Germany). (2024). Energiewende monitoring report 2024. https://www.bmwk.de/
- International Energy Agency. (2024). Global Critical Minerals Review 2024. https://www.iea.org/reports/global-critical-minerals-review-2024
- International Energy Agency. (2024). Renewables 2024: Analysis and forecast to 2029. https://www.iea.org/reports/renewables-2024
- International Energy Agency. (2024). World Energy Investment 2024. https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-investment-2024
- International Monetary Fund. (2023). Sri Lanka: Request for an extended arrangement under the Extended Fund Facility. https://www.imf.org/
- Nature Energy. (2024). Life-cycle greenhouse gas emissions of electric vehicle batteries: Meta-analysis and policy implications, 9(2), 156-170. https://www.nature.com/nenergy/
- Statista. (2024). Global copper, cobalt, lithium and rare earth production data by country 2023-2024. https://www.statista.com/
- The World Bank. (2023). Minerals for Climate Action: The Mineral Intensity of the Clean Energy Transition. https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/extractiveindustries/brief/minerals-for-climate-action
- U.S. Energy Information Administration. (2024). International energy statistics: Natural gas, coal, and renewables. https://www.eia.gov/international/data/world
- WindEurope. (2024). Wind energy in Europe: Key trends and statistics 2024. https://windeurope.org/
Fossil Fuels and Global Development
- British Geological Survey. (2023). Coal production and consumption statistics, 1800–2023. https://www.bgs.ac.uk/
- Central Electricity Authority (India). (2024). Monthly executive summary on power sector. https://cea.nic.in/
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (2024). Fertilizer use and global crop yields: 2023-2024 report. https://www.fao.org/
- International Energy Agency. (2024). World Energy Outlook 2024. https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-outlook-2024
- International Energy Agency. (2024). Africa Energy Outlook 2024. https://www.iea.org/reports/africa-energy-outlook-2024
- International Energy Agency. (2024). World Energy Investment 2024. https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-investment-2024
- International Energy Agency. (2024). Energy access data and statistics. https://www.iea.org/energy-access/
- International Monetary Fund. (2023). Sri Lanka: Request for an extended arrangement under the Extended Fund Facility. https://www.imf.org/
- Organisation Internationale des Constructeurs d’Automobiles (OICA). (2024). World motor vehicle production and fleet data. https://www.oica.net/
- United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. (2024). World urbanization prospects 2024: Highlights. https://population.un.org/wup/
- University of Oslo. (2023). Fossil fuel use and human development: A global meta-analysis (Working Paper 2023-07). https://www.sv.uio.no/
- World Bank. (2024). World Development Indicators 2024. https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators
National Security and Political Leverage
- International Energy Agency. (2024). Oil 2024: Analysis and forecast to 2029. https://www.iea.org/reports/oil-2024
- U.S. Department of Energy. (2025). Strategic Petroleum Reserve inventory. https://www.energy.gov/ceser/strategic-petroleum-reserve
- International Energy Forum. (2025). Oil market report: Volatility and investment trends. https://www.ief.org/
- OPEC. (2024). Annual Statistical Bulletin 2024. https://www.opec.org/
- BP. (2024). Statistical Review of World Energy 2024. https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy.html
- U.S. Energy Information Administration. (2025). U.S. liquefied natural gas exports. https://www.eia.gov/
- European Commission. (2025). EU Energy Security Strategy: 2025 update. https://energy.ec.europa.eu/
- Congressional Research Service. (2024). U.S. LNG exports and global energy security. https://crsreports.congress.gov/
- IATA. (2024). World Air Transport Statistics 2024. https://www.iata.org/
- U.S. Department of Defense. (2025). Operational energy annual report. https://www.acq.osd.mil/eie/oe/
- World Bank. (2024). Global oil and gas market outlook. https://www.worldbank.org/en/research/commodity-markets
- International Renewable Energy Agency. (2024). China’s role in the global energy transition: Rare earths and clean technology supply chains. https://www.irena.org/
- United States Geological Survey. (2024). Mineral commodity summaries 2024. https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2024/
- Reuters. (2025, April 10). Oil prices slide on global demand fears, OPEC+ output signals. https://www.reuters.com/markets/commodities/oil-prices-april-2025
Cleaner Fossil Fuels and Innovation
- U.S. Energy Information Administration. (2024). Electric power sector CO₂ emissions. https://www.eia.gov/environment/emissions/carbon/
- International Energy Agency. (2024). CCUS in clean energy transitions: Tracking report 2024. https://www.iea.org/reports/ccus-in-clean-energy-transitions
- ExxonMobil. (2025, April). Advancing carbon capture: 2030 outlook. https://corporate.exxonmobil.com/
- JERA. (2024). World’s most efficient gas power plant. https://www.jera.co.jp/english/
- Occidental Petroleum. (2025). Carbon management and storage. https://www.oxy.com/sustainability/carbon-management/
- European Commission. (2024). EU methane strategy and cross-border leak reporting. https://climate.ec.europa.eu/
- MethaneSAT. (2025). Global methane tracking. https://www.methanesat.org/
- International Energy Agency. (2024). Hydrogen tracking report 2024. https://www.iea.org/reports/hydrogen
- Japan Electric Power Information Center. (2024). High-efficiency coal power and HELE technology. https://www.jepic.or.jp/
- BP. (2024). Statistical Review of World Energy 2024: Natural gas and hydrogen. https://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/energy-economics/statistical-review-of-world-energy.html
- European Union Innovation Fund. (2025). CCUS investment pipeline. https://climate.ec.europa.eu/eu-action/funding-climate-action/innovation-fund_en
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2024). EPA methane reduction progress report. https://www.epa.gov/
- World Bank. (2024). Plastics, petrochemicals, and circular economy innovation. https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/extractiveindustries/publication/plastics-petrochemicals
- Saudi Aramco. (2025, April). Hydrogen co-firing pilot update. https://www.aramco.com/
- BloombergNEF. (2025). Hydrogen market outlook Q1 2025. https://about.bnef.com/
ESG, Policy, and the Fossil Fuel Industry
- Global Sustainable Investment Alliance. (2024). 2024 Global Sustainable Investment Review. https://www.gsi-alliance.org/
- U.S. Energy Information Administration. (2024). U.S. oil and gas capital expenditure trends. https://www.eia.gov/
- S&P Global. (2023). ESG Ratings Methodology and ExxonMobil/Tesla 2023 comparison. https://www.spglobal.com/esg/
- Securities and Exchange Commission. (2024). SEC ends ESG Task Force, pivots to disclosure enforcement. https://www.sec.gov/
- European Commission. (2024). Green Claims Directive: ESG audit and label enforcement. https://environment.ec.europa.eu/topics/sustainable-development/green-claims-directive_en
- BlackRock. (2023). ESG fund reclassification and natural gas utilities. https://www.blackrock.com/
- European Union. (2024). EU Taxonomy Regulation – inclusion of natural gas and nuclear as green. https://finance.ec.europa.eu/sustainable-finance/eu-taxonomy-sustainable-activities_en
- International Energy Agency. (2024). Fossil fuel supply and demand by region: World Energy Outlook 2024. https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-outlook-2024
- G20 Energy Ministers. (2025). G20 Joint Ministerial Statement 2025. https://www.g20.org/
- Reuters. (2024, December). Fossil fuel litigation, ESG fund flows, and insurer exits. https://www.reuters.com/business/sustainable-business/
- BloombergNEF. (2025). Global fossil finance, ESG fund performance, and anti-ESG legislation. https://about.bnef.com/
- Financial Times. (2024, November). ESG ratings, regulatory capture, and industry adaptation. https://www.ft.com/
- ING Group. (2024). Fossil fuel lending policy updates. https://www.ing.com/
- Crédit Agricole. (2024). ESG and upstream lending policies. https://www.credit-agricole.com/
- HSBC. (2024). Sustainable finance and fossil lending. https://www.hsbc.com/sustainability
Fossil Fuels vs Renewables: A Comparative Analysis
- International Energy Agency. (2024). World Energy Outlook 2024. https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-outlook-2024
- BloombergNEF. (2024). Levelized cost of electricity and energy market update Q1 2024. https://about.bnef.com/
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology. (2024). Energy Systems Modeling: Real System Cost Analysis. https://energy.mit.edu/
- U.S. Energy Information Administration. (2025). Global energy statistics and capacity factors. https://www.eia.gov/
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (2022). Sixth Assessment Report: Climate Change 2022 – Mitigation of Climate Change. https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory. (2023). Renewable energy land use requirements and environmental impacts. https://www.nrel.gov/
- International Renewable Energy Agency. (2024). Renewable energy capacity and cost statistics. https://www.irena.org/
- World Bank. (2024). Global infrastructure outlook: Fossil and renewable investment flows. https://www.worldbank.org/
- U.S. Geological Survey. (2024). Critical mineral production, supply chain, and mining impacts. https://www.usgs.gov/
- Nature Energy. (2024). Life-cycle emissions of energy technologies: Meta-analysis. https://www.nature.com/nenergy/
- International Energy Agency. (2023). Battery storage market and supply chain report. https://www.iea.org/reports/battery-storage-market-and-supply-chain-report-2023
- Reuters. (2024, March). Global energy market trends, renewables, and LNG investment. https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/
The Path Forward
- International Energy Agency. (2024). World Energy Outlook 2024. https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-outlook-2024
- International Monetary Fund. (2024). IMF adjusts energy lending frameworks for emerging economies. https://www.imf.org/
- BloombergNEF. (2024). Global Energy Market and Transition Analysis Q1 2024. https://about.bnef.com/
- G20 Energy Ministers. (2025). G20 Energy Compact: Statement on transitional equity and economic continuity. https://www.g20.org/
- United Nations. (2024). Global Sustainable Development Report 2024. https://sdgs.un.org/
- U.S. Energy Information Administration. (2025). U.S. LNG export statistics and energy mix analysis. https://www.eia.gov/
- European Commission. (2025). EU Taxonomy Regulation and energy transition standards. https://ec.europa.eu/info/business-economy-euro/banking-and-finance/sustainable-finance/eu-taxonomy-sustainable-activities_en
- World Bank. (2024). Infrastructure, energy access, and development outcomes. https://www.worldbank.org/
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (2022). Sixth Assessment Report: Mitigation of Climate Change. https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/
- Financial Times. (2025, March). ESG frameworks, energy reliability, and investment risk: Market review Q1 2025. https://www.ft.com/
- Nature Energy. (2024). Impacts of aggressive decarbonization and energy transition models. https://www.nature.com/nenergy/
- Reuters. (2025, April). G20, IMF, and World Bank on fossil fuels and energy poverty. https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/