References

The Fragmented Landscape

• Global Infrastructure Facility. (2024). Forecasting road expansion and ecological risk zones. https://www.globalinfrafacility.org
• World Resources Institute. (2023). Biodiversity hotspots and infrastructure development overlap analysis. https://www.wri.org
• UNEP-WCMC. (2024). Infrastructure density thresholds and landscape permeability models. United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre. https://www.unep-wcmc.org
• International Union for Conservation of Nature. (2023). Protected areas and biodiversity corridors under pressure. https://www.iucn.org
• Ramsar Convention Secretariat. (2024). Wetland fragmentation and infrastructure impacts. https://www.ramsar.org
• U.S. Department of Transportation. (2024). Wildlife-vehicle collision statistics and mitigation strategies. https://www.transportation.gov
• European Environment Agency. (2023). Road mortality and biodiversity monitoring systems in Europe. https://www.eea.europa.eu
• World Bank. (2024). The cost of retrofitting green infrastructure. https://www.worldbank.org
• Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services. (2023). Extinction debt and functional collapse in fragmented landscapes. https://ipbes.net
• World Health Organization. (2023). Zoonotic disease emergence and ecological fragmentation. https://www.who.int
• IPBES-IPCC Co-sponsored Workshop. (2023). Biodiversity and climate interconnected risks. https://ipbes.net/events/ipbes-ipcc-co-sponsored-workshop
• Convention on Biological Diversity. (2024). Biodiversity mainstreaming into transport and infrastructure. https://www.cbd.int

Wildlife Crossings as Green Infrastructure

• Alberta Transportation. (2024). Wildlife crossing effectiveness report: Cost-per-use analysis and placement efficiency. Government of Alberta. https://www.transportation.alberta.ca
• Banff Wildlife Crossings Project. (2023). Monitoring report: Population recovery and underpass functionality in Trans-Canada Highway corridor. Parks Canada. https://www.pc.gc.ca
• European Commission. (2024). Natura 2000 guidance on green infrastructure and ecological corridors. Publications Office of the European Union. https://environment.ec.europa.eu
• Global Infrastructure Facility. (2023). Integrating wildlife crossings into transport planning: Engineering best practices. https://www.globalinfrafacility.org
• Kaziranga Biodiversity Board. (2024). Elephant migration restoration in Northeast India: Overpass construction and corridor viability. Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Government of India.
• Netherlands Ministry of Infrastructure and Water Management. (2023). Ecoduct performance monitoring report: Passage rates and behavioral adaptation. https://www.government.nl/ministries
• Queensland Department of Environment and Science. (2024). Sugar glider rope bridges: Structural integrity and fauna monitoring data. https://www.qld.gov.au/environment
• Swiss Federal Office for the Environment. (2023). Amphibian tunnel upgrades and Bufo bufo population dynamics. https://www.bafu.admin.ch
• UNEP-WCMC. (2024). Corridor mapping and species movement modeling for ecological infrastructure. United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre. https://www.unep-wcmc.org
• United States Fish and Wildlife Service. (2023). Florida panther recovery update: Underpass utilization and population trends. https://www.fws.gov
• World Wildlife Fund. (2023). Retrofitting culverts for wildlife and climate resilience: Case studies from the Pacific Northwest. https://www.worldwildlife.org

Cost-Benefit Analysis and Investment Case

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2025). Wildlife-vehicle collision injury statistics: 2025 report. https://www.cdc.gov
• Environmental Protection Agency. (2024). Riparian buffers and water treatment cost savings: Technical brief. https://www.epa.gov
• Federal Highway Administration. (2025). Economic costs of wildlife-vehicle collisions in the United States: Annual report. U.S. Department of Transportation. https://www.fhwa.dot.gov
• Food and Agriculture Organization. (2024). Pollination services and agricultural resilience. United Nations. https://www.fao.org
• Moody’s Investors Service. (2025). Incorporating biodiversity risk into sovereign and infrastructure credit ratings. https://www.moodys.com
• Pew Research Center. (2025). Public attitudes toward environmental infrastructure spending. https://www.pewresearch.org
• Rockefeller Foundation. (2024). Resilience dividends in ecological infrastructure: Quantitative returns and valuation models. https://www.rockefellerfoundation.org
• Swiss Re. (2025). Catastrophe risk modeling with ecological connectivity variables. https://www.swissre.com
• United States Department of Agriculture. (2025). Wild pollinators and crop productivity: 2025 national report. https://www.usda.gov
• United States Department of Transportation. (2025). Parleys Canyon wildlife crossing cost-benefit analysis. https://www.transportation.gov
• Washington State Department of Transportation. (2025). I-90 Snoqualmie wildlife crossing performance and economic impact report. https://wsdot.wa.gov
• World Bank. (2025). Biodiversity credit markets and ecological offset finance: Congo Basin pilot facility. https://www.worldbank.org
• World Resources Institute. (2023). Forecasting road expansion in biodiversity hotspots: Spatial impacts and planning tools. https://www.wri.org

Policy, Permitting, and Implementation Barriers

• California Department of Transportation. (2024). Habitat Connectivity Statute: Implementation guidelines and funding mechanisms. https://dot.ca.gov
• European Commission. (2025). EU Biodiversity Infrastructure Dashboard: Crossings and ecological corridors. https://biodiversity.europa.eu
• Federal Highway Administration. (2025). Wildlife crossing permitting and interagency coordination report. U.S. Department of Transportation. https://www.fhwa.dot.gov
• International Union for Conservation of Nature. (2024). Guidelines for ecological corridor design and governance. https://www.iucn.org
• Pew Charitable Trusts. (2025). Permitting delays and policy gaps in ecological infrastructure implementation. https://www.pewtrusts.org
• United Nations Development Programme. (2025). Biodiversity finance solutions: Blended finance models in conservation. https://www.undp.org
• United States Government Accountability Office. (2025). Wildlife corridor project implementation: Regulatory constraints and agency coordination. https://www.gao.gov
• U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. (2024). Cross-jurisdictional wildlife management: Gaps and reforms. https://www.fws.gov
• World Bank. (2025). Nature-based solutions financing in the Global South: Colombia, Madagascar, Vietnam case studies. https://www.worldbank.org
• World Resources Institute. (2025). Connectivity modeling for climate-resilient infrastructure: Best practices. https://www.wri.org

Monitoring, Metrics, and Adaptive Management

• Alberta Environment and Parks. (2025). Grizzly bear telemetry and habitat use post-crossing construction. https://www.alberta.ca
• British Columbia Ministry of Transportation. (2025). Co-management frameworks for wildlife crossings with First Nations. https://www2.gov.bc.ca
• European Commission. (2025). EU Biodiversity Infrastructure Dashboard: Performance data for ecological crossings. https://biodiversity.europa.eu
• Federal Highway Administration. (2025). Wildlife crossing monitoring technologies and maintenance protocols. U.S. Department of Transportation. https://www.fhwa.dot.gov
• International Union for Conservation of Nature. (2024). Adaptive management of wildlife infrastructure: Global standards and protocols. https://www.iucn.org
• Pew Charitable Trusts. (2025). Open data infrastructure and blockchain pilots in biodiversity finance. https://www.pewtrusts.org
• United Nations Environment Programme. (2025). eDNA, AI, and telemetry innovations in ecological corridor monitoring. https://www.unep.org
• U.S. Geological Survey. (2025). Wildlife Connectivity Portal: Metadata standards and species monitoring tools. https://www.usgs.gov
• WildTrack. (2025). WildTrackNet: AI-based wildlife identification and behavior analysis. https://wildtrack.org
• World Bank. (2025). Financing and performance indicators for biodiversity offset markets. https://www.worldbank.org

Scaling Wildlife Crossings Globally

• Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals. (2025). Connectivity obligations under CMS and the Carpathian Convention. https://www.cms.int
• European Commission. (2025). Natura 2000 integration with TEN-T and biodiversity corridors. https://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/
• Global Environment Facility. (2025). Blended finance mechanisms for biodiversity infrastructure. https://www.thegef.org
• International Union for Conservation of Nature. (2025). Wildlife Crossing Toolkit and EcoInfra Hub: Open access infrastructure resources. https://www.iucn.org
• ISO. (2024). ISO 14092:2024 – Guidelines for ecological infrastructure design and monitoring. https://www.iso.org
• Microsoft AI for Earth. (2025). WildMe AI: Predictive mapping for wildlife connectivity and road expansion overlays. https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/ai/ai-for-earth
• UNEP-WCMC. (2025). Protected Planet and composite ecological prioritization indices. https://www.protectedplanet.net
• U.S. Department of Transportation. (2025). Wildlife Crossings Pilot Program funding summary and implementation metrics. https://www.transportation.gov
• Verra. (2025). Climate, Community & Biodiversity Standards and carbon offset eligibility for connectivity projects. https://verra.org
• WildlifeCrossings.org. (2025). Online training platform for green infrastructure professionals. https://www.wildlifecrossings.org

Integrating Wildlife Crossings into Infrastructure Planning

• Bhutan Ministry of Works and Human Settlement. (2025). Highways and Habitats initiative: Integrating biodiversity into national infrastructure planning. https://www.mowhs.gov.bt
• Convention on Biological Diversity. (2022). Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework. https://www.cbd.int/article/gbf-2022-12-19-press-release
• European Commission. (2025). Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD) and biodiversity disclosure requirements. https://ec.europa.eu/info/business-economy-euro/company-reporting-and-auditing/company-reporting/corporate-sustainability-reporting_en
• International Finance Corporation. (2025). IFC Performance Standards on Environmental and Social Sustainability. https://www.ifc.org
• Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, Government of India. (2025). Infrastructure Sustainability Guidelines for tiger and elephant landscapes. https://moef.gov.in
• U.S. Department of Transportation. (2025). Wildlife Crossings Pilot Program grant recipients and policy integration overview. https://www.transportation.gov
• United Nations Environment Programme. (2025). One Health and ecosystem-based adaptation strategies in infrastructure planning. https://www.unep.org
• World Health Organization. (2025). One Health Joint Plan of Action 2022–2026. https://www.who.int
• World Resources Institute. (2025). Ecosystem service valuation in biodiversity infrastructure investments. https://www.wri.org
• Wildlife Conservation Society. (2025). TEK integration in wildlife corridor planning in North America and Oceania. https://www.wcs.org